William Faulkner’s Life and Writings Essay Example for Free

William Faulkner’s Life and Writings Essay William Faulkner is one of the great American writers of the 20th century. He has written several highly-acclaimed novels, short stories and poems and was among the pioneers who revolutionized storytelling through the use of the stream of consciousness technique, something not common during the time. His works are considered brilliant and remain to be among the required studies for literature in colleges and universities in the United States as well as other English speaking countries. Faulkner’s literary accolades are numerous. He won two Pulitzer Prizes for his 1954 novel A Fable, which received the Pulitzer a year later, and for his 1962 novel, The Reivers, which was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer in 1963. In 1949, or three years before his first Pulitzer, Faulkner received the Nobel Prize for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel. But the journey to literary success was never â€Å"a walk in the clouds†, or so to speak, for William Faulkner who struggled to get recognition for his earlier works. His first book, a collection of poems entitled The Marble Faun, published in 1924 did not immediately hit the mark as it barely got any serious attention from readers. It is also said that it was during this time that William Faulkner decided to change the original spelling of his family name to make it â€Å"sound more British† for the publication of his first book. His real family name came from an old Customer’s last name 2 Southern family named Falkner from New Albany, Mississippi where the novelist was born on September 25, 1897, as the eldest of four sons. But Faulkner spent most of his life at the nearby town of Oxford, Mississippi where his family moved when he was barely five years old. Much of his inspirations for his work were drawn from his personal experiences. And his views were tangible in many of his writings especially those that probe the prejudices of his own region, the deep South. Faulkner started writing novels on 7th Grade at about the same time he lost interest in school after he found the classes boring. His first themes were romance inspired by her childhood sweetheart and later wife, Estelle Oldham. Faulkner remained married to her until his death in July 6, 1962 but his family seems to come only second to his writing, which he puts at the center of his life. In an interview for Writer’s at Work: The Paris Review Interview in 1959, Faulkner described how important his writings to him. He remarked: The writers only responsibility is to his art. He will be completely ruthless if he is a good one. He has a dream. It anguishes him so much he must get rid of it. He has no peace until then. Everything goes by the board: honor, pride, decency, security, happiness, all, to get the book written. If a writer has to rob his mother, he will not hesitate; the Ode on a Grecian Urn is worth any number of old ladies. (Writers at Work: The Paris Review Interviews, 1959) Faulkner’s statement in that interview glared what was already apparent and clear all along to his family, friends, and the people who work closely with the reclusive writer. When Faulkner released his third novel, Sartoris (Flags in the Dust), in 1929, he used his great-grandfather William Clark Falkner, himself a colonel in the American Civil War, as the Customer’s last name 3 model for Colonel John Sartoris. The novel deals with the decay of an aristocratic Southern family following the social upheaval of the American Civil War. This novel is a good example of how the novelist’s life is reflected on his writings. It shows that Faulkner was influenced by the history of his family and the region in which they lived. A critical examination of Faulkner’s masterpieces such as The Sound and the Fury, As I lay Dying, Absalom, Absalom! and A Rose for Emily will reveal that his main focus, as a writer, is to explore and expose the deterioration of values in his own region. Faulkner wrote with such sensitivity of the moral degradation he has witnessed. In the sense, Faulkner is a historian who provided an overcast view of a segment of America during a tumultuous period that demanded radical social change. And albeit his works were fictions, it mirrored the horrendous realities of a society diminishing in its traditional values and unable to embrace the dawn of modern realities. Most of Faulkner’s stories were set in Yoknapatawpha County, a fictional place after his own Lafayete County. The town of Jefferson is within Yoknapatawpha County and is the equivalent of Oxford, the novelist’s hometown. While the setting may not be original, it was easy for Faulkner to provide a vivid description of his settings and characters he based from non-fictions or from something he has intimate knowledge on. Aside from Faulkner’s hometown being modeled for the fictional setting in his writings, it was suggested that some characters from his works were inspired by real people and biblical characters like the 19th century politician Jacob Thomson for the character of Jason Compson III from his The Sound and the Fury novel and the character of Benjamin Compson from the same novel which is said to symbolize a Christ-figure while in his Pulitzer winner novel, A Fable, his main character Corporal Zsettslani Customer’s last name 4 is representative of Jesus. This method made it easy for Faulkner to personalize the characters in his stories. Faulkner’s strong sense of moral and social responsibility is also very much visible in his works. He often deals with the transgression of the Southern whites against the Black with tragic bluntness to denigrate a blatant social aberrant. In a way, Faulkner was the greatest admirer and critic of the Southern life and history. He absorbed the sordid and brilliant, blithe and painful history of the South and transposed it into soul poetry. Moreover, Faulkner also tried to advocate, albeit tacitly, for the preservation of culture and the environment in his writings. In his 1942 novel, The Bear, Faulkner lamented the encroachment of civilization into the natural world. The novel is a tale of initiation into the adult world set against a backdrop of a yearly hunting expedition of Old Ben, a bear believed to be last of its kind in Mississippi woods. The narrative is also about the young Ike McCaslin coming to know both the woods and himself through the help of an old Chickasaw who is symbolically named Sam Fathers (Castor 37). In Faulkner’s narrative, the death of Sam Fathers is symbolically linked to the death of the bear and the wilderness (Castor 38). To Faulkner, the economic conquest of the southern landscape was inextricably linked, not only to the conquest of blacks and women through the legacy of slavery, but also to the conquest of Indian cultures as represented by Sam Fathers. (Castor 39) The Bear was written by Faulkner at the time when there is a tremendous environmental upheaval in Mississippi and the South. There was massive deforestation activity and thousands of acres of land are being cleared for timber. The setting, the plot, and the character in The Bear Customer’s last name 5 reflect an historical development and Faulkner was able to relate his sentiments with what is happening in his writings. Faulkner was a brilliant writer who examines his environment and reflects on his life experiences for inspirations in his writings. Much of the plot and the theme of his novels were based on his hindsight on the degeneration of the values of the Sought. Through his tragic stories, Faulkner was able to depict â€Å"the effect of the dissolution of the traditional values and authority on all levels of Southern society†. His novels were rich of his views, sentiments, experiences and personal convictions. He was never very famous as a writer for most part of his life but he has dedicated his life to this profession. He was a reclusive and a taciturn writer who found comfort in his solitude. But in his writings, he spoke volumes and his voice holds a resonating sound for many more generations to hear. He was a legend in the world of literature and his stories are immortalize by its unforgettable characters, unbelievable and challenging stories and the unique manner these stories were told that continues to captivate millions of followers. Faulkner told many great stories but along with it, he told the story of his life too. The challenge is to continue to unravel the mystery and discover how of much his own story was told in his many great masterpieces. Customer’s last name 6 Works cited Nobelprize. org. William Faulkner Biography. Retrieved December 21, 2007 frm http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1949/faulkner-bio. html Reference. com. William Faulkner. Retrieved December 21, 2007 from http://www. reference. com/search? q=william%20faulkner Castor, L. Hunting History and Myth in Linda Hogan’s Power and William Faulkner’s The Bear. Retrieved December 21, 2007 from http://www. hum. uit. no/nordlit/12/03_Castor. pdf William Faulkner on the Web. Retrieved December 21, 2007 from http://www. mcsr. olemiss. edu/~egjbp/faulkner/faulkner. html

Melvilles Characters/comparison Of Captain Ahab And Billy Budd :: essays research papers

Melville’s Characters   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Melville’s characters are distinct individuals that have some similarities and differences. There are three traits that tie Captain Ahab and Billy Budd together even though they are on different sides in the fight between Good and Evil. They each have communication problems that play a part in their deaths. Neither of them can see an issue from another point of view, nor can they be influenced by others, although for entirely different reasons. Ahab and Billy share a few traits even though they are generally opposite characters. Communication problems are one of the factors that lead to Ahab’s and Billy’s deaths. Ahab never tells the entire truth to his men. He only tells them the parts that he thinks will motivate them to help him catch the whale. If the entire crew had been told before they signed on to help that they would be hunting the most dangerous whale in the sea none of them would have gone on the voyage and died. Also, Ahab is so inflexible that no matter how heated the conversation gets, he won’t change his opinion. Starbuck can’t talk any common sense into Ahab, he’s just too stubborn. If Ahab had listened to Starbuck, he might have died an old man instead of the way he did. Billy’s communication with others helps and hurts him. When Billy talks to people they almost always come away from the conversation with good feelings about Billy. He makes a lot of friends that way. However, Billy has troubles communicating too. He cannot sense if the person he is talking to is truthful or not. He talks to Squeak several times but never even guesses that Squeak is talking to him for mischievous purposes. Billy also stutters when he’s overcome, when he can’t find words to describe the emotions he is experiencing. He ends up dying because of this character flaw.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neither Ahab or Billy can see more than one side of an issue. Throughout the entire trip, Ahab never thinks of chasing the whale as something dangerous, something that shouldn’t be done. Nearly everyone else on the ship, excluding Fedallah, thinks that chasing after one whale, the most dangerous whale in the entire ocean, is crazy and that it’s an unnecessary risk of the crew’s lives. But Ahab, because of his inability to consider his crew’s views about the hunt and because he can only think of the whale as pure evil, condemns them all to death.

Chagrin, Woman versus the Society

James Joyce’s â€Å"Clay† and Guy de Maupassant’s â€Å"The Diamond Necklace† satirize the conflict between woman and society. They illustrate the lives of two very physically different women of the common class and how they struggle against their environment, for society and fate seal their lives with chagrin. Joyce is more effective than Maupassant in revealing the fictional character in relation to community and social environment, because Joyce uses plot, design, perspective, and language to show subtly what the clay means in the story, wherein the clay depicts Maria’s frailty and commonness, and a life of conflict with herself and her environment, which she is not aware of, while Maupassant employs more of plot, narration, and character to enact a woman’s satirical lifelong struggle to resist her fate, which led her, paradoxically, to become her destiny, after all. Joyce does not reveal the meaning of the title â€Å"Clay† in the plot, which makes it quite difficult to understand the plot and its connection with clay. Soon the plot exposes itself- it is a story about how something so simple can be so complicated too. Maria’s simple life has its own complications, because she struggles with society and her destiny. Joyce provides details about Maria’s life and how she goes about it, day in and day out. For Maria, she is an efficient and reliable person, and a peacemaker. She feels proud of her work, which is portrayed in the barmbracks that she confirms she made herself. She also states that she is happy with her life, even if she has no companion, and she tells Fleming that â€Å"she didn’t want any ring or man either† (Joyce 184). The ring represents the synecdoche for marriage. The ring is also mentioned several times in the story, once by Fleming, once by Maria, and then during the game at Joe’s house. This ring represents Maria’s struggle. Apparently, there exists a gap between her self-perceptions and social perceptions of herself. Maria thinks of herself as more superior. She views Fleming as having the â€Å"notions of a common woman† (Joyce 184), and yet Maria herself is exceedingly common. When Maria thinks about how many minutes her travels are, â€Å"twenty minutes† here and there, it underscores how empty her life is in that she fills it with ordinary numbers. Maria also wants to think that she is happy with being single, but when Fleming jokes her about it, she â€Å"laughed†¦. with disappointed shyness† (Joyce 184). â€Å"Disappointed† juxtaposes with the satisfaction that Maria feels, which accentuates that she is not at all content with her life. The plot expresses, nevertheless, the cluelessness of Maria about herself, which makes it more effective to depict chagrin in several ways. Readers will also feel chagrin, because Maria is not just physically frail; she is also mentally and emotionally frail too. Maupassant employs plot that also does not readily give away the ending. His story satirizes a woman’s struggle to resist her fate, which led her, ironically, to become her destiny. Loisel feels that she is born for something greater, and yet, as Maupassant illustrates, she was born: â€Å"as if through an error of destiny, into a family of clerks† (Maupassant 297). This â€Å"error† implies how Loisel sees her whole life: a huge â€Å"error† of fate. But â€Å"error† takes in a new life, as Loisel makes the biggest of all- borrowing Mme. Forestier’s diamond necklace. This necklace brings Loisel the happiest day of her life, when she receives the life she dreams of- attention, richness, and fame. Ironically, this necklace also seals Loisel’s fate to poverty and toil, both of which she detests. She loses the diamond necklace and she and her husband paid for it for ten years, only to discover in the ending, that the necklace is false. The ending shows the climax of the struggle and underlines that women cannot fight society and their destinies. The language that Joyce uses portrays the common language of Maria’s class. Joyce uses the words â€Å"spick and span† and â€Å"nice and bright,† which are words of commoners and their life of toil (Commentary 192). Words are also frequently repeated, which symbolizes the lack of sophistication in Maria’s life. The repetitive use of â€Å"And†¦And†¦. And† and â€Å"always†¦always† (Joyce 183) is a â€Å"syntactical pattern† (Commentary 192) of the disproportionate plainness of Maria’s viewpoint of her life, and how readers also come to understand how â€Å"boring† her life is. The language reinforces the plot that depicts Maria’s humdrum life, and exposes the struggle against society and fate. Maria ardently believes that she needs no man or ring, but when a common man gives her some attention, she floats in the air enough to forget her expensive plum cake. Thus, Maria cannot deny it; she yearns for a lifelong companion, someone her fate has denied her, and someone society is quick to point out as the source of her loneliness and unhappiness. Maupassant uses narration to illustrate the satire of Loisel’s conflict with her life. He narrates the thoughts of a woman’s yearning for a wealthy life. Loisel dreams of â€Å"elegant dinners, of the shining silver† (Maupassant 298). This narration represents the perspective of Loisel and her endless chagrin. The narration contrasts her life before and after, however, of a dream come true. Before the diamond necklace, Loisel has at least a maid and comfortable lodgings. After the loss of the diamond necklace, Loisel is forced to be who she does not want to be- a common working woman. Furthermore, Maupassant also uses strong characterization, as he narrates the changes in Loisel. From a â€Å"charming† young woman, Loisel transforms into â€Å"strong, hard woman, the crude woman of the poor household† (Maupassant 303). Loisel has become the person she hates, and she has learned to embrace the life she could not ever cherish. Maupassant, however, seems to want to rub it in on Loisel, when he ends the story with the revelation of the false diamond necklace. Loisel must have fainted, or even unsurprisingly, died from chagrin, after this revelation. Joyce predominantly uses the perspective of Maria, from his choice of words, although in a way, it is also revealed that Maria is not who she thinks she is, in the viewpoint of other people. In general, she believes that: â€Å"Everyone was so fond of Maria† (Joyce 183). However, the snide remarks about her spinsterhood, in the laundry shop and at her friend’s home, accentuates that people look down on her or pity her, because of her homeliness and state of singlehood. When Joyce says: â€Å"the tip of her nose nearly met the tip of her chin,† this remarks of how people slate her homely features (Joyce 183). Joyce also designs the story in a way that is not always too obvious, and he compels readers to do extra work, which makes the story more effective in revealing the character’s need for companionship. As readers analyze and research about the missing lines of the song â€Å"I Dreamt that I Dwelt,† this pursuit for something more about Maria ironically responds to the â€Å"attention† that Maria craves for. Joyce’s story design is also different from Maupassant’s â€Å"Moonlight,† because â€Å"Clay† has a different and more meaningful connotation. The clay represents Maria’s emotional and mental frailty. When she chooses clay, a joke of the next-door girls on her, and which is not even directly stated by Joyce, clay represents the mortality of human beings (Commentary 190). Clay also reinforces the meaning of the omitted song lines. Joyce illustrates that Maria unconsciously forgets these lines, because it tells of â€Å"suitors† and â€Å"vows† that fate neglected to give her. Clay hints that Maria will soon die without living life, wherein society says that a lived life equals to a married life. Joyce is more effective than Maupassant in disclosing the fictional character in relation to community and social environment, because Joyce uses plot, design, perspective, and language to show delicately what the clay indicates in the story. The clay portrays Maria’s frailty and commonness, and her conflict with her society and destiny. It is also a suggestion of her mortality, which is limited to a life of loneliness that she has to bear with. Maupassant, on the other hand, addresses the same conflict with dark humor and satire. Of the two, Joyce creates a more distinctive image of a woman who has nothing, who is more pitiable, because of her lack of awareness and admission of her life’s perpetual struggles.

An Evaluation Of A Social Worker - 2267 Words

A social worker is obligated to report suspected abuse or neglect of a vulnerable adult as under section 42 of Care Act 2014 safeguarding regulations this is a reasonable cause for a Local Authority to conduct an enquiry (Care Act, 2014c.23:P1:s42). Hence, even when working with family carers, social workers remain vigilant as according to Age UK (2016) 50 vulnerable people per hour are abused or neglected within their own home by people known to them. Accountability could explain social workers’ preference to undertake the assessments of both carer and who they care for at the same time. Joint working has two functions; incorporating and addressing the carer’s needs in the disabled plan (Alzheimer’s Society, 2016) and clarifying discrepancies, like those which may cause alarm (Knapp and Hewison, 1999). In addition, joint assessments incorporates and addresses the carer’s needs in the disabled person’s plan (). Likewise, Campbell Reay and Brown e (2001) state that in-depth knowledge of the carers’ history and current lifestyle must be an essential part of the assessment process as it could highlight some aspect which potentially puts vulnerable people at risk of harm. When working with carers, social workers need to follow their ethical code of practice as the diversity and dynamics of caring means carers cannot be stereotyped (BASW, 2012; BASW 2015). One common misconception is that women are presumed to undertake caring roles because they are seen as moreShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Social Worker886 Words   |  4 Pagesinteraction and engagement a social worker experiences when working with clients, colleagues, people in the community, other professionals, and significant others of the clients. Three important issues to comprehend one-on-one interaction were: engagement and formation, the nature of relationship, and communication. Engagement and Formation of a One-to-One Action System When I am working with a client, we both need to work together in order for the client to progress. The social worker brings their knowledgeRead MoreEvaluation Of A Social Worker974 Words   |  4 Pagesneeded. This indicates to the social worker that Mr. Wallace is able to affectionately meet his needs and describe his purpose. The social worker can assess that he is able to take into account his own needs and others. Mr. Wallace shows through his scoring a need to please himself without harming others. This is a positive characteristic for him and will become helpful in future sessions with the social worker. Social Support Systems Mr. Wallace lacks concrete social support after the death of hisRead MoreEvaluation Of The National Association Of Social Workers1119 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluation How do you know if you are really helping the client? 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When working with individuals, the worker would focusRead MoreEvaluation Of The Article Program Evaluation Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The article Program Evaluation: Strategies to Facilitate Agencies’ Use of Evaluation in Program Management and Policy Making discusses the United States Government Accountability Office attempting to view how various federal agencies utilize program evaluations The Government Accountability Office (GOA) â€Å"examines the use of public funds; evaluates federal programs and policies; and provides analyses, recommendations, and other assistance to help Congress make informed oversight, policy

Character Analysis in The Glass Menangerie Essays

People live their lives often with a false sense of reality. We do this to ourselves most often though what we are taught is right and what’s normal while we are growing up, or just simply lying to ourselves to make scene of our discontent or to fulfill an obligation to a loved one. â€Å"Some people walk through a hallway with covered mirrors– the hallway is lined with mirrors but there are blankets covering each of them. They go through life believing in an image of themselves that isnt real, and an image of themselves standing in the world and relative to the world, that isnt real. {C. JoyBell}. This quote I found during the coarse of my research can almost sum up my thoughts of the charters in the story. In the story the Glass Menagerie†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"in crossing that space between life and letters, two characters, Mr. Winfield and Tom, have been reassembled in such a way as to keep from view a constituent trait o their personality†(Debu sscher 58) These fights only get worse and worse with the sister Laura often caught in the middle. But one of Toms secrets that he confides to Jim is that he plans to take a play from hid dads play book and leave his mother and sister behind â€Å"Stifled by his family, Tom drinks. Then, following the example set by his father, he plans to join the merchant navy. He wants to see adventure and gain experience, so that he can write†(Topham). Next we have the mother Amanda â€Å"we meet the mother, Amanda, who still seems caught up in her life as a former Southern belle†(Brown), she wants nothing more than any other parent and that is for her children to grow up better then she did. Her younger days seemed to be filled with rays of sunshine and hope about her future life â€Å"lost in her memories or perhaps even fictional memories of a better youth†(Corbett 1) , she recalls story time after time about how many â€Å"gentleman callers† she had when she was younger all of whom had wealth and excitement that she could have had at the drop of a hat. Instead she choose the father of her children who we only know from memory and a picture on the wall â€Å"the picture hangs on the back wall of the family room; it is initially pointed out by Tom the Narrator†(145) that left the

Leadership And Governance Essay - 2671 Words

Leadership And Governance Introduction Like love, death, money, politics, and war, the subject of leadership is one that is continuously under discussion. Yet, despite all the attention given to leadership and its recognized importance, leadership still remains pretty much of an unexplained and confusing concept. There are innumerable theories that explain various facets of the leadership phenomena but unfortunately there is no comprehensive and general theory of leadership, which can make our overall task of understanding leadership easy and simple. One of the best ways in which we can enhance our understanding of leadership is to see how various students of the subject have defined†¦show more content†¦However a closer examination of the following definitions of leadership will reveal that there is a growing awareness that in leadership influence or persuasion which leads to willing or motivated goal achievement behavior is the key concept. Leadership researchers have defined leadership in the following different ways:  · The creative and directive force of morale (Munson 1981).  · The process by which an agent induces a subordinate to behave in a desired manner (Bennis 1959).  · The presence of a particular influence relationship between two or more persons (Hollander Julian 1969).  · Directing and coordinating the work of group members (Fielder 1967).  · An interpersonal relation in which others comply because they want to, not because they have to (Hogan et al. 1994).  · Transforming followers, creating visions of the goals that may be attained, and articulating for the followers the ways to attain those goals (Tichy Devanna 1986). Regardless of the definitions used, leadership must have a worthwhile purpose. Without a specific goal, leadership can degrade into an exercise in self-enrichment rather than mission accomplishment. For example, you should not aspire to be an executive vice president for the large salary. Rather, you should aspire for high office in order to accomplish specific goals for the improvement of theShow MoreRelatedLeadership and Governance3973 Words   |  16 PagesReflective Journal: Leadership and Governance Introduction Reflective practice is a highly significant way to develop the skills of students (Pavlovich, Collins, Jones, 2007). Because it has value and can help students to focus on the issues they see in governance and leadership, it is a practice that should be undertaken by all students working toward a better understanding of management. In order to properly work within the confines of reflective practice, most students write a number ofRead MoreLeadership and Governance Essay2547 Words   |  11 PagesThe leader’s role in effective governance of organisations Assignment 1 Report by : Jorge Andres Cuellar Student Id : S0224193 Subject : LEADERSHIP GOVERNANCE Course Code : MGMT20152 Tutor: Grace Phan-Athiroj Central Queensland University Sydney January 2012 Since last decade there are major interest in executive directors’ role to achieve a high status and be recognized into organisations, universities and other entities. Nowadays, words as leadership, quality, and management haveRead MoreLeadership And Clinical Governance Assessment1608 Words   |  7 PagesHNN320: Leadership and Clinical Governance Assessment Task 1 In the healthcare setting the registered nurse (RN) is required to assume a leadership position, the RN needs exhibit numerous leadership skills to effectively lead within a healthcare team. 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Corporate Governance Regulations

Question: In light of recent share market volatility and problems with disclosure of corporate debt by listed entities, do corporate governance framworks need to be revised and strengthend? Answer: Introduction In this report, its discussed about the corporate governance of Australia, the core principles of the corporate governance, and most important the corner stones of the corporate governance. For understanding this completely, first we need to understand the stock market volatility and disclosure of the corporate debt. To verify whether the corporate governance rules are appropriate for the current volatility of the stock market and the problems relate to the disclosure of the debts. Thus, for that, first it is important to understand the current corporate governance practices. The approach related to the corporate governance practices are also important. Corporate governance Corporate governance is actually a systematic process by which the corporate sector and the companies of corporate sector are directed and controlled. These processes help in generating the wealth and capacity of the company. Large corporations provide the employment opportunities to various people. The corporate governance process should ensure that the companies work in the legal way and proper manner according to the aspirations of the stakeholders and expectation of the society. Core Principles of Corporate governance The core principles of corporate governance are as follows: 1. Management of every company should have the freedom for executives to run their enterprise for growth but for effective accountability, the freedom of management should be framed in limitations so that the legal exercises should be managed properly. 2. The management of any company should be empowered from the corporate governance. It should also balance and check the activities related to the management of the companies. The main principle of the corporate governance is to create a balance between company and the stakeholder and help in managing a legal and strong relationship. This also ensures that the management of the company is not misusing its powers. Thus, the principles of the corporate governance include the creation of legal values between company and its stakeholders. Corner Stones of Corporate governance The cornerstones of the corporate governance are as follows: Trusteeship Large organisations have various purposes like social and economic. Any organization is a group of various people. Stakeholders, employees and other capital providers are the main group of people but the responsibility of the trusteeship generally lies on the board of directors of the company. Board of members have the responsibility to enhance the value of shareholders and protect them from any discrepancy. Transparency The companys activities and policies should be clear to all those who are related to the company. Therefore, the transparency includes disclosing of all the data and activities which is necessary without considering the companys strategic interest. The relationship of company and employee is actually an internal transparency of the company. Transparency helps in managing and enhancing the accountability. This also helps to strengthen the relationship between the company and other entities of the company. Empowerment and Accountability According to the empowerment, the management must be free to run their enterprise forward. Empowerment actually helps in using the actual potential of employees according to their interest and objective. Empowerment creates the opportunity of innovation and helps to enhance the creativity within the organization. This helps the organization to use their decision making power up to the required level according to the need of the organization. Accountability should be a property of the members of board of directors in an organization for the shareholders. When both the empowerment and accountability mix together then it will create various opportunities for the organization to grow even in this competitive market. Control Control is the core principle of corporate governance. According to the principle of control, the freedom of management should be framed in certain limitations for the purpose of checking and balancing various activities. The misuse of powers can be prevented by the control. This also helps in managing the response change, timely. It also ensures that the management of the business risk is performing effectively and pre- emptily. Ethical Corporate Citizenship According to the Ethical corporate citizenship, corporates have the responsibility to create and manage the ethical behaviour for the company. These ethical behaviour should be imposed on both internal and external relationships (Daily Rackoning, 2014). Stock Market Volatility Stock market volatility defines the fluctuation of the stock market. When in one day the stock market goes up and another day it goes down, this process of going up and down of the stock market is volatility. Stock market volatility depends on various factors. The corporate governance law also affects the volatility of the stock market. The various factors of corporate governance laws help in managing and controlling the volatility of stock. In terms of stock market volatility, the corporate governance laws manages the legal issues related to corporate sector. The management of the company is free to take decision but they need to consider the overall growth of the company rather than personal profit. The decision should also consider the legal issues related to the motive of the decision. Thus, the corporate governance law helps the organization in making a right decision for the growth of the company by not allowing the management to misuse their powers. Thus, it also affects the stock value of the companies (ISSAI, 2014). Thus, corporate governance laws affect the stock market volatility by preserving the legal rights for the stake holders of the organisation by preventing the misuse of the powers by the board of members in the company. Disclosure of corporate debt by listed entities It is very important to gain the knowledge of corporate debts by stakeholders of the organizations as these help the stakeholders to gain the overall knowledge about the organization. These also help in reducing the risk for the stakeholders by various means but it is also important to get a proper corporate debt report from the company. Without a proper and clear report, the stakeholders may not be able to identify the situation of the organization very well. Thus, there may be following problems in disclosure of the corporate debt. 1. The corporate debts disclosed by the company should be clear and should have all the details. 2. The details of the boards, experience of board, committees included in the decision making of various processes. Policies and the processes should be mentioned clearly and fully by the management of the organization. 3. The summary statement from the company should also be included into the debt report of the organization. This report should also include the statement from the company that they are following the corporate government laws specified by the ASX (ICAE, 2013). Current corporate governance Practices Current corporate governance practices are very much successful up to a satisfactory extent but there needs to be some changes in the corporate governance laws of Australia. The current corporate governance practices in Australia is divided into eight principles and recommendations. First principle for the corporate governance is to create a solid foundation for oversight and management; this means that the company should disclose the responsibility of the management and the leading board of the organization with their respective roles and responsibility within the organization. This law defines who is their decision making team and what are their roles and responsibility in the organization. The second principle for the corporate governance is that the structure of the board also affects the organizations growth in the market. This principle defines that the board of the companies should consist of enough members according to the size of the organization. This principle also defines that each part of the board should be committed to responsibility and duty towards the organization. The third principle of the corporate governance is that the organization should promote the responsible decision making and ethical values of the company. This principle actually describes that the organization should have their own ethical values for their stakeholders, employees and society which will help the organization in running in a proper and legal way. The organization should also promote these values and decisions within the organizations and among stakeholders. The fourth principle of corporate governance of Australia is for creating the safeguard integrity in the financial reporting. According to this principle of corporate governance, the structure of company should be verified independently and with safeguard integrity in financial report. This principle is mainly related to the financial report of the company. According to this principle, the board should establish a special committee for creating a financial report of the organization. The fifth principle of the corporate governance law is related to the balanced and timely disclosure of the reports. According to this principle of the corporate governance the organization should disclose their balanced report with all the required material on time. This will help the organization in gaining the faith and trust of the stakeholders. The companies should create the written policies and present those policies to the stakeholders. This time period of disclosing the policies should depend on the size of the organization. Some companies publish quarterly, some half yearly and some yearly. The sixth principle of corporate governance is really important as this principle is related to the laws related to share holder. This principle states that the rights of the shareholders should be reserved; an organization should respect the laws and rights of the shareholders. These should not only respect the rights of the shareholders but also create the awareness about it. These rights should also be mentioned in the report disclosed by the organization. The seventh principle of the corporate governance is related to the management and identification of the risk associated in various decision making. According to this principle, the company should establish a system of risk management and internal control within the organization which identifies the various types of risks associated for the current situation and finds the solution for that. These risk and solutions associated with these risks should be reported to the shareholders in the published report. The final principle of the corporate governance is related to the fair and responsible remuneration. According to this principle of the corporate governance, reasonable and sufficient remuneration should be levelled and composited by the companies. This clears the relationship and performance of the company with the shareholders (ASX, 2014). Thus, by analysing the above principles, it can be clearly said that the Australian corporate governance is clearly working efficiently in Australia. The laws and regulations are helping very much but these frameworks can be more effective by implementing and adding more limitations. The first point that can be added to Australian corporate governance is that the time of disclosing the debts should be fixed by the corporate governance. The laws related to the rights of the shareholders should be stricter as these laws may not work in some cases. Some more situations in defining the corporate governance should be considered. These will help in making the law more successful and managed. Approaches to corporate governance Corporate governance uses various approaches to balance the corporate activities. These approaches help in managing the various types of corporate organizations and help in managing the corporate activities related to these organizations. These approaches also help in developing the system to fulfil the objectives of the corporate governance like creating a legal bridge between the stakeholders of the company and the leading management of the organization. Thus, this topic helps in getting a raw image of these approaches for corporate governance. Regulatory Approaches The primary method of Australia that used to regulate information privacy is principle-based regulation. Principle means general rules that expresses the fundamental obligation. It focuses on process to outcomes. Process means action that firms must take and outcomes means the result that requires from firms to achieve. Secondly, a regulatory approach base of it is using prescriptive rules can provide regulation a greater clarity, that make regulated entity to determine rules, it must comply minimum standards of compliance. In turn, these can straightaway be accountable for the regulatory system away from the persons being regulated. Product innovation and hand-on technology can be dead hand, this rule-based regulations are contrary to assentation of clarity and certainty. Self-Regulatory Approaches The first approach that was adopted by the Australian corporate governance was the self - regulatory approach. Profit maximization and economic liberalism inspired the self regulation approach. This profit maximization and economic liberalism was emerged in the developed countries. These countries mainly belonged to the Europe. This approach was first developed in the 20th century. According to the self regulatory approach of Australian corporate governance, the governance guidelines, code of conducts, reports and governance guidelines creates the base for creating the environment of self - regulated market. A set of best recommendation of practices according to the structure of a company and behaviour of the company were set as guidelines and codes for the self regulatory approach. According to the self regulatory approach the market itself imposes the necessary sanctions related to the market. This approach of corporate governance looks as a perfect solution (Anreadakis, 2014). According the self regulatory approach, the market itself defines the necessary limitations and recommendations for the market and organizations. This approach also has various faults but it was a best modern approach in the 20th century. This was proved to be a most liberal version after completion of deregulation of regulation. Thus, the self regulatory approach helps the corporate governance in managing the better relationship of shareholders and management of the organisation. Conclusion The report is based on the various studies and research. The above report is basically on the Australian corporate governance. The Australian Corporate governance manages the relationship between the shareholders and the management of the companies. It basically follows the various principles for effectively managing the rights of shareholders and the management of the organization. The principles of the Australian corporate governance considers each and every factor and situation related to the legal laws and regulations related to the organizations and stakeholders of the organizations. The corporate governance helps to handle the stock market volatility and the problems related to disclosure of corporate debts. This is very essential to disclose the corporate debts for stakeholders. References ASX (2014). Corporate governance Principles and recommendations [online]. Available at:. ICAEW (2013). When is comply or explain the right approach [online]. Andreadakis, Stelios (2012). Research Notes: Regulatory or Non- Regulatory Corporate governance: A dilemma Between statute and codes of best Practice [online]. Daily Reckoning (2014). Measuring Stock Market Volatility [online]. Issai (2014). Guidance on definition and disclosure of public debt [online].